ZANYA

  In males, the testes initially develop in the extraperitoneal layer of the abdomen alongside the kidneys. Moments before birth of after birth, the testes migrate from the abdomen into the scrotum. The whole reason the testes are in the scrotum and not stay in the abdominal cavity is because we need to have the testes at a temperature below body temperature in order for spermatogenesis(sperm production) to occur. And so by having the testes in the scrotum,you can adjust how cool they get by adjusting how far below or close to the abdomen the testes are held. The closer to the abdomen, the warmer they are.The further down they are away from the abdomen,the cooler they get. The CREMASTER MUSCLE controls the position of the testes in the scrotum as a way of regulating temperature of the testes based upon what the environmental temperature is. However, in some males, the testes fail to migrate into the scrotum.

  During surgery when the skin and superficial fascia are incised, and the surgeon gets to the external oblique layer which is where the superficial inguinal ring is, and a hernia is seen emerging from the superficial ring, that confirms the diagnosis that there’s an inguinal hernia but it still does not tell which type of inguinal hernia.So the question now is how that hernia sac got to the superficial inguinal ring? This question can be answered by pushing that hernia sac back with your finger following it into the abdominal cavity.When you push it back, it will go back through the same route it used for coming out.If your finger happens to get to the deep inguinal ring because the hernia went back through the inguinal canal to the deep inguinal ring, you will know it is the deep inguinal ring when you feel the pulse of the inferior epigastric artery and that artery is medial to your finger(which means your finger is lateral to the artery).This means this is an INDIRECT HERNIA. R...

  To distinguish between a direct and an indirect inguinal hernia on physical examination, connecting   the ANTERIOR SUPERIOR ILIAC SPINE and the PUBIC TUBERCLE is the INGUINAL LIGAMENT ,not inguinal canal.You can palpate the ANTERIOR SUPERIOR ILIAC SPINE(ASIS) and the PUBIC TUBERCLE.In thin and muscular people, you may be able to palpate the inguinal ligament, but in most people you cannot palpate that ligament.So as long as you can palpate the two bony attachment (ANTERIOR SUPERIOR ILIAC SPINE and the PUBIC TUBERCLE), you just draw an imaginary   line to connect them and that tells you that is where the inguinal ligament is. Once you know where the inguinal ligament is,then know that the INGUINAL CANAL is about an half an inch above the medial half of the inguinal ligament,with the superficial inguinal ring just above the pubic tubercle and the deep inguinal ring just above the midpoint of the inguinal ligament. You can place your examining finger on the superficial ing...

  The reason a female is a female is because she does not have a Y chromosome. In other words, a female is not a female because she has 2X (XX) chromosomes. She is a female because she does not have a Y chromosome. This means, an embryo is pre-destined or programmed to become female and will become female unless something is done to force that embryo to become male, and what forces it to become male has something to do with the Y chromosome. If there isn’t a Y chromosome, then the   embryo will become a female as the embryo was pre-programmed to be. This leads to the question; what is it about the Y chromosome that accomplishes this? There is a region on the Y chromosome called the SRY segment. SRY means Sex determining Region of the Y chromosome. The SRY segment codes for the Testis Determining Factor (TDF). And so the Y chromosome has TDF. The TDF will cause the gonad to become a Testis. In the abscense of TDF, in other words if there’s no Y chromosome, then that gonad wil...