ZANYA

  What is diabetes? It is a   syndrome of chronic hyperglycaemia, which may result from many environmental and genetic factors often acting jointly. Diabetes in pregnancy is split up into 2: 1-Category of women who already have diabetes before becoming pregnant(PRE-GESTATIONAL DIABETES). 2-Women who become diabetic during the pregnancy(GESTATIONAL DIABETES).90% of diabetes in pregnancy or 9 out of every 10 cases of diabetes in pregnancy falls into the gestational diabetes category.The other 10% are pre-gestational diabetes. It is a type or form of diabetes that occurs during pregnancy. It   is a carbohydrate intolerance of variable severity with onset, or first diagnosis during the index pregnancy. It tends to occur during the 2 nd or 3 rd trimester. Why does a woman develop diabetes during her pregnancy?To help understand this, we need to layout the risk factors for why a woman may be at risk for developing gestational diabetes.To help us remember those risk...

  In TGA, the Aorta is positioned at where the Pulmonary Artery is supposed to be, and the Pulmonary Artery is positioned at where the Aorta is supposed to be. In this case, the blood from the right ventricle which happens to be deoxygenated enters the Aorta and through the Aorta, the blood is pumped into the systemic circulation, and that is  incompatible with life. Blood from the left ventricle in TGA go into the pulmonary artery and then into the lung, pick up oxygen, travel through the pulmonary vein, into the left atrium, into the left ventricle and then again into the pulmonary artery.   CLINICAL FEATURES: 1)Cyanosis within a few hours after birth. 2)Symptoms of Heart Failure(tachycardia, tachypnea, dyspnea etc). 3) Metabolic acidosis (because of the lack of oxygen into the tissues).   INVESTIGATIONS: 1)Chest x-ray (cardiac silhouette appears like an egg on a string). 2)Echocardiography(GOLD STANDARD) - this will make you see the vessels tha...

  They are group of diseases in which there are malformation of the heart and the great vessels(aorta/pulmonary artery).   CATEGORIES OF CONGENITAL HEART DISEASES. 1) Left to Right Shunt 2)Right to Left Shunt 3)Obstructive Congenital Heart Diseases   Shunt means blood moves from one side of the heart to the other side.   LEFT TO RIGHT SHUNT: With this, blood moves from the left side of the heart to the right side of the   heart. In other words, Oxygenated blood mixes with deoxygenated blood. Conditions with the left to right shunt are: 1)Atrial Septal Defect 2)Ventricular Septal Defect 3)Patent Ductus Arteriosus 4)Atrioventricular Septal Defect. All the above have LEFT to RIGHT SHUNT at least initially .   An atrial septal defect (ASD) is a hole in the wall between the heart's two upper chambers. A ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a hole in the wall between the two lower chambers. Ductus Arteriosus is an open channel dur...